Did
you know?
Reverse osmosis is the finest water filtration method known. This process will
allow the removal of particles as small as ions from a solution. It is used
to purify water and remove salts and other impurities in order to improve the
color, taste or properties of the fluid. R.O. uses a membrane that is semi-permeable,
allowing the fluid that is being purified to pass through it, while rejecting
other ions and contaminants from passing. This technology uses a process
known as crossflow to allow the r.o. membrane to continually clean itself. This
is the reason of why an r.o. element can last many years before clogging or
need replacement. This
water purification process requires a driving force to push the fluid through
the membrane, and the most common force is household water pressure or pressure
from a booster pump. The higher the pressure, the larger the driving force and
efficiency.
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Traveling,
Safe Water and Diarrhea.
Contaminated
food and drink are the major sources of stomach or intestinal illness
while traveling. Intestinal problems due to poor sanitation are found
in far greater numbers outside the United States and other industrialized
nations.
In areas
with poor sanitation, only the following beverages may be safe to drink:
boiled water, hot beverages (such as coffee or tea) made with boiled water,
canned or bottled carbonated beverages, beer, and wine. Ice may be made
from unsafe water and should be avoided. It is safer to drink from a can
or bottle of beverage than to drink from a container that was not known
to be clean and dry.
However,
water on the surface of a beverage can or bottle may also be contaminated.
Therefore, the area of a can or bottle that will touch the mouth should
be wiped clean and dry. In areas where water is contaminated, travelers
should not brush their teeth with tap water.
Treatment
of Water.
Boiling is
the most reliable method to make water safe to drink. Bring water to a
vigorous boil, and then allow it to cool; do not add ice. At high altitudes,
allow water to boil vigorously for a few minutes or use chemical disinfectants.
Adding a pinch of salt or pouring water from one container to another
will improve the taste. Chemical disinfection can be achieved with either
iodine or chlorine, with iodine providing greater disinfection in a wider
set of circumstances.
For disinfection
with iodine, use either tincture of iodine or tetraglycine hydroperiodide
tablets. These disinfectants can be found in sporting goods stores and
pharmacies. Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions. If the water
is cloudy, then strain it through a clean cloth and double the number
of disinfectant tablets added.
If the water
is very cold, either warm it or allow increased time for disinfectant
to work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention makes no recommendation
as to the use of any of the portable filters on the market due to lack
of independently verified results of their efficacy. As a last resort,
water that is uncomfortably hot to touch may be safe for drinking and
brushing teeth after it is allowed to cool. However, many disease-causing
organisms can survive the usual temperature reached by the hot water in
overseas hotels.
What about
food?
Food should
be selected with care. Any raw food could be contaminated, particularly
in areas of poor sanitation. Foods of particular concern include salads,
uncooked vegetables and fruit, unpasteurized milk and milk products, raw
meat, and shellfish. If you peel fruit yourself, it is generally safe.
Food that has been cooked and is still hot is generally safe. Infants
younger than 6 months should either be breast-fed or be given powdered
commercial formula prepared with boiled water.
Some fish
are not guaranteed to be safe even when cooked because of the presence
of toxins in their flesh. Tropical reef fish, red snapper, amber jack,
grouper, and sea bass can occasionally be toxic at unpredictable times
if they are caught on tropical reefs rather than in open ocean. The barracuda
and puffer fish are often toxic, and should generally not be eaten. Highest
risk areas include the islands of the West Indies, and the tropical Pacific
and Indian Oceans.
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